Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the model development and test sets.

From: Urinary microbiome-based metagenomic signature for the noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Clinical characteristics

Model development set

Test set

HCC (n = 471)

Healthy controls (n = 397)

P

HCC (n = 164)

At-risk group (n = 28)

Healthy controls (n = 164)

P

Age (years)

62 (19–88)

62 (33–85)

0.94

61 (35–86)

58 (53–69)

60 (53–79)

0.37

Male, No. (%)

365 (77.5)

304 (76.6)

0.75

123 (75.0)

24 (85.71)

123 (75.0)

0.49

Etiology, No. (%)

  HBV

356 (75.58)

  

88 (53.66)

   

  HCV

30 (6.37)

  

9 (5.49)

   

  HBV and HCV coinfection

6 (1.27)

  

3 (1.83)

   

  Alcohol

36 (7.64)

  

16 (9.76)

   

  NASH

13 (2.76)

  

1 (0.61)

   

  Others

30 (6.37)

  

47 (28.66)

   

Child‒Pugh class, No. (%)

  A/B/C

445 (94.68)/25 (5.32)/0 (0)

  

68 (73.91)/21 (22.83)/3 (3.26)

   

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.86 (0.42–5.11)

  

0.84 (0.30–6.89)

1.04 (0.63–1.62)

1.00 (0.64–2.33)

4.07 × 10–8

MDRD GFR

87.83 (11.21–186.97)

  

92.78 (7.85–218.68)

72.42 (42.46–126.27)

72.29 (29.23–96.34)

1.94 × 10–10

BCLC stage, No. (%)

  0-A/B/C/D

94 (19.96)/247 (52.44)/57 (12.10)/73 (15.50)

  

85 (71.43)/5 (4.20)/29 (24.37)/0

   

  Not available

-

  

45

   

AFP (ng/mL)

11 (1–261,635)

  

6.94 (1.07–200,000)

   

PIVKA-II (mAU/mL)

52 (1.01–75,000)

  

27 (11–12,758)

   

Treatment, No. (%)

  Resection

282 (59.87)

  

136 (82.92)

   

  Liver transplantation

3 (0.63)

  

0

   

  RFA

27 (5.73)

  

2 (1.21)

   

  TACE

143 (30.36)

  

18 (10.97)

   

  Systemic chemotherapy

16 (3.39)

  

1 (0.60)

   

  Supportive care

0

  

7 (4.26)

   
  1. Data are presented as medians with minimum and maximum or numbers (%).
  2. AFP alpha-fetoprotein, BCLC Barcelona clinic liver cancer, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, HCV hepatitis C virus, MDRD GFR modification of diet in renal disease glomerular filtration rate, NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, PIVKA-II protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II, RFA radiofrequency ablation, TACE transarterial chemoembolization.
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