Table 1 Baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics by preferred temperature and daily intake of hot beverages (tea or coffee).
From: Hot beverage intake and oesophageal cancer in the UK Biobank: prospective cohort study
All participants | Tea or coffee drinking | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-drinkers or warm temperaturea | Hot temperature | Very hot temperature | ||||
≤6 cups/db | >6 cups/d | ≤6 cups/d | >6 cups/d | |||
N (row %) | 454,796 (100) | 74,547 (16.4) | 168,848 (37.1) | 133,794 (29.4) | 38,192 (8.4) | 39,415 (8.7) |
Age, mean (SD) | 56.9 (8.1) | 56.3 (8.3) | 56.9 (8.2) | 57.5 (7.8) | 55.9 (8.2) | 56.4 (7.9) |
Sex (%) | ||||||
Female | 242,177 (53.2) | 38,968 (52.3) | 91,010 (53.9) | 66,295 (49.6) | 23,562 (61.7) | 22,342 (56.7) |
Male | 212,619 (46.8) | 35,579 (47.7) | 77,838 (46.1) | 67,499 (50.5) | 14,630 (38.3) | 17,073 (43.3) |
Race (%)c | ||||||
Asian | 10,458 (2.3) | 2607 (3.5) | 5098 (3.0) | 1125 (0.8) | 1298 (3.4) | 330 (0.8) |
Black | 7045 (1.5) | 1192 (1.6) | 3408 (2.0) | 728 (0.5) | 1382 (3.6) | 335 (0.9) |
White | 428,936 (94.3) | 68,940 (92.5) | 156,876 (92.9) | 130,364 (97.4) | 34,568 (90.5) | 38,188 (96.9) |
Mixed | 2677 (0.6) | 494 (0.7) | 1110 (0.7) | 546 (0.4) | 301 (0.8) | 226 (0.6) |
Other | 4117 (0.9) | 958 (1.3) | 1791 (1.1) | 645 (0.5) | 509 (1.3) | 214 (0.5) |
Education (%)c | ||||||
College or University Degree | 147,322 (32.4) | 25,479 (34.2) | 57,199 (33.9) | 41,122 (30.7) | 12,099 (31.7) | 11,423 (29.0) |
A/AS levels or equivalent | 50,536 (11.1) | 8702 (11.7) | 19,328 (11.4) | 14,144 (10.6) | 4190 (11.0) | 4172 (10.6) |
O level or equivalent | 95,646 (21.0) | 14,881 (20.0) | 35,702 (21.1) | 28,042 (21.0) | 8499 (22.3) | 8522 (21.6) |
CSEs or equivalent | 24,833 (5.5) | 3762 (5.0) | 8919 (5.3) | 7424 (5.6) | 2317 (6.1) | 2411 (6.1) |
NVQ/HND/HNC equivalent | 29,822 (6.6) | 4804 (6.4) | 10,236 (6.1) | 9649 (7.2) | 2361 (6.2) | 2772 (7.0) |
Other Professionalri Qualifications | 23,147 (5.1) | 3643 (4.9) | 8364 (5.0) | 7222 (5.4) | 1866 (4.9) | 2052 (5.2) |
No formal education | 75,466 (16.6) | 11,778 (15.8) | 26,129 (15.5) | 23,942 (17.9) | 6184 (16.2) | 7433 (18.9) |
Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.32 (3.08) | −1.07 (3.21) | −1.33 (3.07) | −1.48 (2.99) | −1.18 (3.16) | −1.34 (3.07) |
Assessment centre region | ||||||
Scotland | 32,649 (7.2) | 5519 (7.4) | 13,242 (7.8) | 8067 (6.0) | 3255 (8.5) | 2566 (6.5) |
England | 403,250 (88.7) | 65,923 (88.4) | 148,821 (88.1) | 120,214 (89.9) | 33,295 (87.2) | 34,997 (88.8) |
Wales | 18,897 (4.2) | 3105 (4.2) | 6785 (4.0) | 5513 (4.1) | 1642 (4.3) | 1852 (4.7) |
BMI (%)c | ||||||
<18.5 | 2282 (0.5) | 315 (0.4) | 847 (0.5) | 554 (0.4) | 298 (0.8) | 268 (0.7) |
18.5 to <25 | 146,860 (32.3) | 20,424 (27.4) | 57,490 (34.0) | 40,987 (30.6) | 14,461 (37.9) | 13,488 (34.2) |
25 to <30 | 193,076 (42.5) | 31,123 (41.7%) | 71,139 (42.1) | 59,206 (44.3) | 14,984 (39.2) | 16,624 (42.2) |
≥30 | 110,183 (24.2) | 22,168 (29.7) | 38,477 (22.8) | 32,462 (24.3) | 8231 (21.6) | 8845 (22.4) |
Smoking (%)d | ||||||
Never | 249,746 (54.9) | 40,403 (54.2) | 96,973 (57.4) | 68,670 (51.3) | 22,771 (59.6) | 20,929 (53.1) |
Former | 156,618 (34.4) | 25,160 (33.8) | 58,555 (34.7) | 47,421 (35.4) | 12,415 (32.5) | 13,067 (33.2) |
Current | 48,432 (10.6) | 8984 (12.1) | 13,320 (7.9) | 17,703 (13.2) | 3006 (7.9) | 5419 (13.7) |
Alcohol intake (%)c | ||||||
Never | 19,341 (4.3) | 4409 (5.9) | 7122 (4.2) | 4230 (3.2) | 2095 (5.5) | 1485 (3.8) |
Former | 15,563 (3.4) | 3347 (4.5) | 4811 (2.9) | 4691 (3.5) | 1191 (3.1) | 1523 (3.9) |
Current, <1 drink/week | 101,813 (22.4) | 19,240 (25.8) | 35,113 (20.8) | 30,176 (22.6) | 8173 (21.4) | 9111 (23.1) |
Current, > 1 to <7 drinks/week | 113,307 (24.9) | 17,343 (23.3) | 43,616 (25.8) | 33,472 (25.0) | 9471 (24.8) | 9405 (23.9) |
Current, 1 to 3 drinks/day | 165,315 (36.3) | 23,764 (31.9) | 62,948 (37.3) | 50,287 (37.6) | 13,916 (36.4) | 14,400 (36.5) |
Current, >3 drinks/day | 38,916 (8.6) | 6339 (8.5) | 15,037 (8.9) | 10,786 (8.1) | 3305 (8.7) | 3449 (8.8) |
Physical activity (days per week) (%)c,e | ||||||
0 | 47,362 (10.4) | 8649 (11.6) | 16,558 (9.8) | 13,571 (10.1) | 4103 (10.7) | 4481 (11.4) |
1–2 | 57,888 (12.7) | 9687 (13.0) | 21,647 (12.8) | 16,994 (12.7) | 4757 (12.5) | 4803 (12.2) |
3–4 | 74,622 (16.4) | 11,872 (15.9) | 28,563 (16.9) | 22,003 (16.4) | 6070 (15.9) | 6114 (15.5) |
≥5 | 238,844 (52.5) | 38,161 (51.2) | 88,878 (52.6) | 70,402 (52.6) | 20,323 (53.2) | 21,080 (53.5) |
Perceived general health (%)c | ||||||
Excellent | 76,641 (16.9) | 10,826 (14.5) | 29,179 (17.3) | 20,958 (15.7) | 8021 (21.0) | 7657 (19.4) |
Good | 264,291 (58.1) | 41,317 (55.4) | 100,404 (59.5) | 79,221 (59.2) | 21,435 (56.1) | 21,914 (55.6) |
Fair | 92,914 (20.4) | 17,717 (23.8) | 32,664 (19.3) | 27,710 (20.7) | 6987 (18.3) | 7836 (19.9) |
Poor | 19,028 (4.2) | 4266 (5.7) | 5894 (3.5) | 5403 (4.0) | 1605 (4.2) | 1860 (4.7) |
Gastric reflux/GERD (%) | 18,813 (4.1) | 3369 (4.5) | 6570 (3.9) | 5888 (4.4) | 1425 (3.7) | 1561 (4.0) |
Esophagitis/Barrett’s oesophagus (%) | 1322 (0.3) | 255 (0.3) | 454 (0.3) | 429 (0.3) | 84 (0.2) | 100 (0.3) |
Dietary intake | ||||||
Hot beverage type (%) | ||||||
Tea and coffee | 301,570 (66.3) | 42,709 (57.3) | 102,324 (60.6) | 104,930 (78.4) | 22,115 (57.9) | 29,492 (74.8) |
Tea only | 91,402 (20.1) | 15,560 (20.9) | 37,953 (22.5) | 20,683 (15.5) | 9815 (25.7) | 7391 (18.8) |
Coffee only | 57,078 (12.6) | 11,532 (15.5) | 28,571 (16.9) | 8181 (6.1) | 6262 (16.4) | 2532 (6.4) |
Neither tea nor coffee | 4746 (1.0) | 4746 (6.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Coffee (cups/day), mean (SD) | 2.1 (2.1) | 1.9 (2.1) | 1.5 (1.4) | 2.7 (2.5) | 1.5 (1.4) | 2.7 (2.7) |
Tea (cups/day), mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.9) | 2.9 (2.9) | 2.2 (1.6) | 5.1 (3.1) | 2.3 (1.6) | 5.5 (3.6) |
Vegetables (tablespoons/day), mean (SD) | 4.9 (3.4) | 5.0 (3.7) | 4.9 (3.3) | 4.9 (3.2) | 4.9 (3.4) | 4.9 (3.4) |
Fruits (pieces/day), mean (SD) | 3.1 (2.6) | 3.1 (2.7) | 3.1 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.5) | 3.1 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.7) |
Red meat (servings/week), mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.5) |
Processed meat (times/week) (%)c | ||||||
0 | 41,309 (9.1) | 7684 (10.3) | 15,959 (9.5) | 9830 (7.3) | 4376 (11.5) | 3460 (8.8) |
<1 time/week | 137,305 (30.2) | 22,284 (29.9) | 53,621 (31.8) | 37,434 (28.0) | 12,605 (33.0) | 11,361 (28.8) |
1 time/week | 132,870 (29.2) | 20,681 (27.7) | 49,517 (29.3) | 40,463 (30.2) | 10,690 (28.0) | 11,519 (29.2) |
2 to 4 times/week | 124,211 (27.3) | 20,363 (27.3) | 43,519 (25.8) | 40,016 (29.9) | 9109 (23.9) | 11,204 (28.4) |
5 to 6 times/week | 14,478 (3.2%) | 2571 (3.5) | 4700 (2.8) | 4729 (3.5) | 1034 (2.7) | 1444 (3.7) |
≥7 times/week | 3743 (0.8%) | 769 (1.0) | 1175 (0.7) | 1132 (0.9) | 288 (0.8) | 379 (1.0) |
