Fig. 5: NETs upregulate anti-apoptotic proteins in PDAC cells.

a, b Proteins were extracted from PDAC cells 72 h after treatment with each CM, and western blotting was performed. c Schematic representation of the hypothesis explored in this study. GEM-treated PDAC cells secreted inflammatory cytokines, that triggered chemoNETosis. NETs acted on PDAC cells to activate Erk1/2 signalling, upregulate Bcl-xL, thereby inducing chemoresistance.