Fig. 1: Adipose ACSS2 promotes WAT beiging and BAT thermogenesis.

A–D Wild type male mice at 8 weeks of age were maintained on NCD (normal-chow-diet) or HFD (60% fat) for 24 weeks. A The Venn diagrams showed the down-regulated genes of BAT (90 genes), ingWAT (149 genes) individually and 34 genes including 27 genes encoding protein and 7 unknown functions genes were both down-regulated in BAT and ingWAT in HFD mice compared with those of NCD mice (n = 6 per group, two samples were mixed together). B Heat map of the 34 down-regulated genes of BAT in HFD mice versus NCD mice was shown (n = 6 per group, two samples were mixed together). C Heat map of the 34 down-regulated genes of ingWAT in HFD mice versus NCD mice was shown (n = 6 per group, two samples were mixed together). D The expression of ACSS2 and UCP1 in the BAT and ingWAT of the NCD or HFD mice (n = 3–4 per group) were detected. E, F 6–8-week-old wild type male mice were challenged with or without cold exposure at 4 °C for 16 h. The lysates from BAT (E) or ingWAT (F) were subjected to mRNA anaylsis or western blot with indicated antibodies. The quantitative analyses of ACSS2 and UCP1 were performed (n = 3–4 per group). G The rectal temperature of 6–8-week-old wild type or Acss2^−/− male mice exposed to cold (4 °C for 8 h) were shown (n = 5 per group). H The metabolic cage experiments were performed in 8–12-week-old Acss2^−/− male mice or wild type male mice with or without cold exposure. Heat production and regression-based analysis of absolute heat production against body weight of WT mice and Acss2^−/− mice were shown (n = 5–6 per group). I Relative weight of BAT and ingWAT (normalized to body weight) from 6–8-week-old wild type or Acss2^−/− male mice challenged with or without cold exposure at 4 °C for 16 h were shown (n = 6 per group). J, K Representative H&E (J) or immunohistochemistry (K) for UCP1 of BAT and ingWAT from 6–8-week-old wild type or Acss2^−/− male mice challenged with or without cold exposure at 4 °C for 16 h were shown. L Tissue lysates from BAT or ingWAT of WT or Acss2^−/− mice with or without cold exposure at 4 °C for 16 h were subject to western blot with indicated antibodies. The quantitative analyses of ACSS2 and UCP1 were performed. (n = 3 per group).