Fig. 8: D-mannose increases adipose tissues energy expenditure to promote ingWAT beiging and BAT thermogenesis.

A–C metabolic cage experiments were performed in NCD, NCD + 20 M, HFD and HFD + 20 M groups of mice after 24 weeks intervention. Oxygen consumption (A), carbon dioxide generation (B) and heat production (C) of mice from 4 groups (n = 6 per group) were measured and regression-based analysis were shown. D The levels of pAMPKα, ACSS2, PPARγ and UCP1 were quantitatively analyzed in the lysates of BAT or ingWAT from HFD and HFD + 20 M groups (n = 3 per group). E Representative immunohistochemistry images of UCP1 staining of BAT or ingWAT in mice from HFD and HFD + 20 M groups. The signals of UCP1 were quantitatively calculated (n = 7–12 per group). F The expressions of PGC-1α in response to 25 mM D-mannose in MEFs were evaluated by western blot with anti-PGC-1α antibody and the signal of β-actin was as a control. The quantitative analysis was performed to indicate its levels (n = 3 biological replicates). G The number of mitochondria in MEFs was examined with or without 25 mM D-mannose by the flow cytometry with the Mito-tracker stain. The intensities of signal of Mito-tracker was quantitatively analyzed (n = 3 biological replicates). H The levels of acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm and nucleus extract of HEK293T cells with or without 25 mM D-mannose were determined (n = 4 biological replicates).