Fig. 9: D-mannose targets adipose ACSS2 to combat obesity.

A The changes of mice body weight from NCD+shNC, HFD+shNC, HFD + 20 M+shNC and HFD + 20 M with ACSS2 down-regulation (HFD + 20 M+shACSS2) groups were shown (n = 5 per group). B The quantitative analysis of weight gain percentage from NCD+shNC, HFD+shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M+shACSS2 groups was performed (n = 5 per group). C The quantitative analysis on the weight of BAT, ingWAT and epiWAT in mice from NCD+shNC, HFD+shNC, HFD + 20 M+shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups was performed (n = 5 per group). D Representative H&E staining images of BAT, ingWAT and epiWAT from NCD + shNC, HFD + shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were shown. The average size of adipocytes for each mouse was measured using Image J software based on five different fields of view. This average value was then utilized for statistical analysis (n = 4 per group). E The levels of TG and TC in serum of NCD+shNC, HFD+shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were determined. (n = 5 per group). F Glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed in mice from NCD+shNC, HFD + shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups. The areas under the curve for glucose during GTT or ITT (n = 5 per group) were analyzed. G Representative H&E and Oil Red O staining images of mice liver from NCD + shNC, HFD + shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups (n = 4 per group). H The levels of TG in livers of NCD + shNC, HFD + shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were measured (n = 5 per group). I The enzymatic activities of ALT and AST in serum of NCD+shNC, HFD+shNC, HFD + 20 M+shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were determined (n = 5 per group). J Rates of O2 consumption and regression-based analysis of absolute O2 consumption against body weight of HFD + 20 M+shNC and HFD + 20 M+shACSS2 groups were shown (n = 5 per group). K Heat production and regression-based analysis of absolute heat production against body weight of HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were shown (n = 5 per group). L Respiratory exchange ratio of HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M+shACSS2 groups were shown (n = 5 per group). M Food intake of HFD + 20 M+shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were shown (n = 5 per group). N The mRNA levels of Acss2 and Ucp1 in BAT and ingWAT from NCD + shNC, HFD + shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were quantitatively analyzed (n = 6 per group). O The lysates of BAT or ingWAT in mice from NCD + shNC, HFD + shNC, HFD + 20 M + shNC and HFD + 20 M + shACSS2 groups were subjected to western blot with indicated antibodies. The levels of ACSS2, PPARγ and UCP1 were quantitatively analyzed (n = 3 per group).