Fig. 2: TMAO enhances M2 polarization in macrophages co-cultured with HK-2 cells.

A iNOS, IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA expression in M1, M1 cocultured with HK-2 for 48 h, HK-2 treated with TMAO(200 μM) for 48 h then cocultured with M1 for 48 h. B Arg-1, IL-10, YM-1, MR, Fizz1, and TGFβ1 mRNA expression in M1, M1 cocultured with HK-2 for 48 h, HK-2 treated with TMAO(200 μM) for 48 h then cocultured with M1 for 48 h. C Flow cytometry plots and quantification of MHCII+ macrophage(M1) and CD206+ macrophage(M2) in M1, M1 cocultured with HK-2 for 48 h, HK-2 treated with TMAO(200 μM) for 48 h then cocultured with M1 for 48 h.