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Male specific conserved LncRNA TSCL1 regulated target mRNA translation by interaction with PIWIL1

Cell Death & Differentiation (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in diverse mammalian physiological processes, yet their functions in spermatogenesis remain largely underexplored. Here, we identify a unique class of conserved haploid spermatid-associated lncRNAs (cHS-LncRNAs) defined by sequence conservation, testis-restricted expression, and elevated levels in haploid spermatids. Among these, testis-specific conserved lncRNA 1 (Tscl1) is the most highly expressed in round spermatids. Tscl1-null male mice exhibit reduced sperm motility, disorganized mitochondrial sheaths, abnormal fatty acid metabolism, and complete infertility. Mechanistically, Tscl1 directly binds PIWIL1 and HuR via its 5′ stem-loop and multiple AU-rich elements, respectively. This interaction promotes assembly of a PIWIL1/eIF3f/HuR/eIF4G3 complex that enhances translation of fatty-acid-metabolism-related mRNAs within the chromatoid body. Notably, TSCL1 variants disrupting the PIWIL1-binding region are significantly enriched in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) compared to fertile controls. Collectively, our findings uncover a critical role for Tscl1 in modulating translation during spermiogenesis and implicate TSCL1 as a potential pathogenic locus in human male infertility.

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Fig. 1: Identify a unique class of conserved haploid spermatids-associated long non-coding RNAs.
Fig. 2: Depletion of Tscl1 drives male sterility.
Fig. 3: Direct interaction of Tscl1 with PIWIL1 and HuR within the chromatoid body.
Fig. 4: Tscl1 mediated the interaction between PIWIL1 and HuR via the 5′ end stem-loop structure and ARE motif.
Fig. 5: Tscl1 involvement in PIWIL1/eIF3f/HuR/eIF4G3 complex, regulating the translation efficiency of target mRNAs.
Fig. 6: Tscl1 deficiency induced abnormal fatty acid metabolism.
Fig. 7: Identification of the variants of TSCL1 in humans with non-obstructive azoospermia.
Fig. 8: Schematic diagram of the TSCL1 function during spermiogenesis.

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Data availability

The lncRNA-seq and Ribo-seq data generated in this study have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with accession codes GSE284142 and GSE284143, respectively. All raw data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Code availability

The code underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by grants from the National Key Research & Development (R&D) Program of China (2021YFC2700600, 2022YFC2702500) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32300720).

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Shuai Lu, Yang Li, Chenmeijie Li, Zhongyu Zou.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

    Shuai Lu, Yang Li, Chenmeijie Li, Zhongyu Zou, Xiaoxi Xu, Shijie Zhu, Beibei Yang, Gaoming Tang, Haoran Chen, Yuchen Wang, Feng Li, Hongbing Shen, Zhibin Hu & Yayun Gu

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

    Shuai Lu, Yang Li, Chenmeijie Li, Zhongyu Zou, Na Qin, Cheng Wang, Hongbing Shen, Zhibin Hu & Yayun Gu

  3. Changzhou maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University; Changzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal and Child Health Medicine, Changzhou, China

    Shuai Lu & Yayun Gu

  4. Reproductive Genetic Centre, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

    Yayun Gu

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Contributions

ZH and YG initiated, conceived, and supervised the study. ZH and SL designed the experimental plan. SL, CL, and GT contributed to the Sanger sequencing analysis of clinical NOA patients. GY, SL, and WY generated Tscl1−/− mice. GT, HC, and SZ performed most of the genotyping experiments. SL and CL performed reproductive phenotype analysis. YL, HC, and SZ performed RNA pulldown. SL and BY contributed to IP-related experiments. SL and SZ contributed to metabolism-related experiments. YL, XX, and SZ performed the sorting of spermatogenic cells. SL, SZ, and GT performed sucrose gradient analyses and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay in vitro. SL and YZ contributed to data analysis. GY, SL, and YL contributed to the functional studies on the small peptide. GY, SL, and SZ contributed to Lentivirus construction and intratesticular microinjection experiments. SL, GY, and ZB prepared and wrote the manuscript with input from everyone.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Zhibin Hu or Yayun Gu.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Animal work performed in this study was approved by the Institution of Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing Medical University (Approval No. IACUC-1601117). All methods and experimental protocols on human participants were carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the relevant review of the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Medical University No. 363 (2023). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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Lu, S., Li, Y., Li, C. et al. Male specific conserved LncRNA TSCL1 regulated target mRNA translation by interaction with PIWIL1. Cell Death Differ (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-025-01583-8

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