Fig. 4: Effect of S. Typhimurium on the TAK1–AMPK pathway.

HeLa cells were infected with the indicated amount of MOI of S. Typhimurium for 2 h (a) or were infected with 10 MOI and then incubated for the indicated length of time (b). Cell lysates were analyzed for TAK1, IKK, AMPK, ULK1S555, ULK1S317, and ACCS79 by western blot with the indicated antibodies. Relative phosphorylation levels were semi-quantified using NIH Image-J software and presented as bar graphs. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3) relative to control. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to uninfected control