Fig. 8: Model for hirsutine-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells.

Hirsutine induces ROCK1 cleavage/activation, PTEN activation (phosphorylation), and PI3K/Akt inactivation (dephosphorylation), resulting in GSK3β dephosphorylation, leading to decreases in the binding of GSK3β and ANT1 and increases in the interaction of ANT1 to CypD, culminating in mPTP opening, caspase activation, and apoptosis