Fig. 2: PA increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and p-NF-κB by autophagic induction in astrocytes.

a Real-time qPCR and b western blots showing the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and the expression of p-NF-κB respectively in the astrocytes incubated with PA (0.25 mM, 12 h) in the absence and presence of 3-MA (10 mM) (mean ± S.E.M. n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. BSA; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. PA). c Real-time qPCR and d western blots showing the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and the expression of p-NF-κB, respectively, in ATG5 or ATG7 silence astrocytes exposed to PA (0.25 mM, 12 h) (mean ± S.E.M. n = 3, **P < 0.01 vs. BSA + SC-siRNA; #P < 0.05 vs. PA + SC-siRNA)