Fig. 5: Chronic HFD induced Cav-1 degradation, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation in the hippocampal astrocytes of rats.

The HFD group rats were exposed to high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Con normal control rats, HFD high-fat diet rats. a Real-time qPCR and b western blots showing the expression of Cav-1 in the hippocampi of control and HFD rats. c Representative images of the Con group and the HFD group were immunostained by anti-Cav-1. Cav-1 was shown in red; GFAP was shown in green. Scale bar, 100 μm. The Cav-1 fluorescence intensity of GFAP+ cells and GFAP− cells in the hippocampi of control and HFD rats were analyzed by the Image J software and the fold change in Cav-1 fluorescence intensity relative to the control was plotted. d Representative images of the Con group and the HFD group were immunostained with GFAP and TUNEL. TUNEL was shown in green; GFAP was shown in red. Scale bar, 50 μm. The percentage of TUNEL+ GFAP+ cells and TUNEL+ GFAP− cells in the hippocampi of control and HFD rats were calculated by the Image-Pro Plus software. e Representative images of the Con group and the HFD group were immunostained with GFAP, DAPI, and LC3B. LC3B was shown in red; GFAP was shown in green. Scale bar, 100 μm. The LC3B puncta area of GFAP+ cells and GFAP−cells in the hippocampi of control and HFD rats were analyzed by the Image J software and the fold change in LC3B puncta area relative to the control was plotted. f Real-time qPCR showing the relative levels of TNF-α mRNA, IL-1β mRNA, and IL-6 mRNA of the hippocampi of control and HFD rats (mean ± S.E.M. n = 5/group, *P < 0.05 vs. Con)