Fig. 1: rmTNFα increases iTreg differentiation via TNFR2 in vitro.

a, b Naive CD4⁺ T cells were induced into iTreg with different doses of rmTNFα for three days. The percentages of Foxp3⁺ T cells were determined. c During iTreg induction, the same dose of rmTNFα was added on day 0, 1, 2, or 3. All the cells were harvested after 4 days. The percentages of Foxp3⁺ T cells were determined. d, e iTreg induced for three days and reseeded with or without rmTNFα for another three days. The percentages of Foxp3⁺ T cells were determined. f, g, h Naive CD4⁺ T cells isolated from WT, TNFR1^−/−, and TNFR2^−/− mice were induced to iTreg. The percentages of Foxp3⁺ T cells, the total cell numbers and Foxp3⁺ cell numbers were determined, respectively. i Naive CD4⁺ T cells isolated from WT, TNFR1^−/−, and TNFR2^−/− mice were induced to iTreg with or without rmTNFα for three days. The percentages of Foxp3⁺ T cells were determined. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001, error bars denote SD. Representative result is from five independent experiments