Fig. 6: Autophagy was implicated in the IR-induced premature aging of PD-NSCs.

a, b Cell senescence induced by irradiation was detected by SA-β-gal staining in the presence of rapamycin or chloroquine. Cells were exposed to 10 Gy X-ray in the presence of 0.04 μM rapamycin or 3 μM chloroquine, incubated for 48 h, and then stained with SA-β-gal. c p16, p21, and p53 expression from rapamycin- or chloroquine-treated NSCs were detected by western blotting and densitometry. d, e The effect of rapamycin or chloroquine on Ki67 expression was visualized by immunostaining. Data represent as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. All data were obtained from at least three independent experiments. Scale bar = 100 μm