Fig. 3: R406 treatment results in the decreased glycolysis and enhancement of OXPHOS in GSCs.

a Time-dependent effect of R406 treatment on the OCR in GSCs. GSC-1 and GSC-2 cells were incubated with 1 μM for the indicated time and the OCR was monitored by using Seahorse Bioscience extracellular flux analyzer in real time. Dotted lines represent treatment of cells with the indicated compounds. R406 treatment significantly elevated basal and maximal OCR in GSCs. b R406 significantly attenuated ECAR in GSCs. c Addition of UK5099, an OXPHOS inhibitor, suppressed the elevation of OCR induced by R406 in GSCs. d Inhibition of OXPHOS with UK5099 partially rescued cell death caused by R406 in GSCs. (NS not significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, statistical difference compared to the control. ###p < 0.001, statistical difference compared to the group treated with R406.)