Fig. 1: Clinical significance and expression of CCL2 in MM.
a Levels of CCL2, as measured by ELISA, in the peripheral serum of healthy donors (control) and MM patients (MM Pt). Samples from 8 and 15 healthy donors and MM patients, respectively, were used. b The histochemistry score for CCL2 was detected using BM biopsy samples when the patients were newly diagnosed or after treatment (median H-score from 88.104320 to 29.8143). Pt.1 to Pt.12 represent 12 independent patients. c Immunohistochemical analysis of CCL2 expression in 3 representative BM biopsies (Pt.1 to Pt.3). The top panel shows CCL2 expression when patients were newly diagnosed, and the bottom panel shows CCL2 expression after the same patient received therapy. Scale bars, 50 μm. d Ratio of mRNA expression of CCL2 in MM cell lines (RPMI 8226, MM.1 S, CAG, JJN3, OPM2, ARP-1), PBMCs and macrophages (Mφs) by RT-PCR. e A total of 1 × 105 cells were cultured in 1 mL of medium for 24 h, followed by ELISA analysis of CCL2 expression in cell culture supernatants. f, g Mφs were cultured alone (Mφs) or cocultured with MM cells directly (Mφs + ARP-1, Mφs + MM.1S) or through Transwell chambers (Mφs/ARP-1, Mφs/MM.1S) for 24 h. Then, the fresh median was changed, and the Mφs were cultured for another 24 h, followed by RT-PCR f and ELISA g to detect CCL2 expression. Summarized data from at least three independent experiments are shown. Values are presented as means ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
