Fig. 1: BMSCs promote the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells.

LLC cells, which were stably transfected with firefly luciferase gene (luci-LLCs), were subcutaneously injected with or without BMSC into the C57BL/6 mice. Twenty-four days after injection, the allograft tumours were measured. The bioluminescence imaging system was used to monitor the mobility and growth of LLC cells in vivo. a Images of allograft tumour growth by LLCs; left, excised tumour; middle, growth curve; right, weight of tumour-bearing mice. Data were analyzed with Student’s t-test, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. b Bioluminescent images were shown. c Representative lung metastatic nodules from mice. The number of metastatic tumour modules formed in the lungs was counted and displayed in scatter plot. Data were analyzed with Student’s t-test, **p < 0.01. d Representative images of TRAP staining and HE staining of bone section. Amplification: ×100. e Kaplan–Meier survival curve for overall survival of mice with co-injection of BMSCs and LLC or injection of LLC alone.