Fig. 4: Differential effects in glucose and galactose-based media.

a, b Real-time impedance measurements of HT22 cells treated with CyPPA (5–50 µM, gray curves) in glucose a and galactose b treated for 42 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 6. c, d MTT assay of HT22 cells treated with oligomycin, indicated as ‘oligo’ (1, 3, 5 µg/ml, 16 h) in glucose (c) or galactose (d) in the presence or absence of CyPPA (10 µM, gray bars). e, f MTT assay in HT22 cells treated with rotenone, indicated as ‘rot’ (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 nM, 16 h) in glucose (e) or galactose (f) in the presence or absence of CyPPA (10 µM). Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 6, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, *compared to control, #compared to same rotenone/oligomycin concentration without CyPPA. All experiments were independently repeated at least three times.