Fig. 2: Polarized BMDMs express distinct CER metabolic pathway.

A Total RNA of M0, M1, and M2 BMDMs was extracted to examine the mRNA levels of CER metabolic enzymes by qPCR. B–E Polarized BMDMs (B and C) and their CM (D and E) were collected to measure the levels of CER metabolites by targeted UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, including d18:1-CER, d18:1-SPH, and d18:1-S1P. Data represent results from three independent experiments and demonstrated as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.