Fig. 3: Knockdown of PPFIBP1 inhibits glioma cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo.

A, B Wound-healing assays of U87 MG and U251 MG derived cells with PPFIBP1 knockdown (shPPFIBP1) and vector control (Ctrl) at indicated time points. Left: representative bright-field pictures of cells at 0 or 20 h. Right: relative quantification of the (20 h/0 h) wound width. Dashed line represents the wound edge. C Transwell invasion assay of U87 MG and U251 MG derived cells with PPFIBP1 knockdown (shPPFIBP1) and vector control (Ctrl). Left: Crystal violet-stained migrated cells. Right: Number of invaded cells through the membrane per field, the black and white columns represent the shPPFIBP1 and the Ctrl group. D Representative images of xenografts with GFP expressing glioma cells and quantification of micro tumor protrusions per field. The black and white columns represent the shPPFIBP1 and the Ctrl group. E Representative H&E stained images of mouse brain sections. The black arrow indicates the micro tumor protrusions. F Kaplan–Meier survival curves show the survival differences of tumor-bearing mice. The figures are representative data from at least three independent experiments. The data represent the mean ± SEM (n ≥ 3). Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.