Fig. 7: Ela treatment accelerates glucose consumption and fatty acid oxidation.

A RNA-seq data of primary hepatocytes treated with DMSO or 0.5 μM Ela for 6 h showed that Txnip was downregulated, while Glut1 and multiple metabolic enzymes involved in glucose consumption and fatty acid oxidation were upregulated by ELA treatment. B Primary hepatocytes were treated with DMSO or 0.5 μM Ela for the indicated time. mRNA levels of Txnip, Glut1, and several metabolic enzymes after treatment were quantified by qRT-PCR. C Primary hepatocytes and the mature adipocytes were treated with 0.5 μM Ela for the indicated time. Cells were then lysed and applied for WB. D Primary hepatocytes were treated with 0.5 μM Ela for the indicated time. Intracellular intermediates involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism were determined by GC–MS. The schematic diagram of metabolic flux that included those metabolites is shown. E Primary hepatocytes were treated with Ela at the indicated concentration for 1 h. Intracellular intermediates involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism were determined by GC–MS. The schematic diagram of metabolic flux that included those metabolites is shown. F, G Heat map of metabolites detected in 3D and 3E. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for the indicated comparisons by one-way ANOVA with Tukey tests, except for A, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test.