Table 2 The value of tumor-derived exosomal ncRNAs in glioma diagnosis.
NcRNAs | Dysregulation | Exosome isolation techniques | Diagnosis value |
|---|---|---|---|
miR-454-3p | Downregulated in glioma tissues and upregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | Associated with poor prognosis [20] |
miR-21-5p | Upregulated in glioma tissues | Ultracentrifugation | Associated with poor prognosis [55] |
miR-9-5p | Upregulated in exosomes of GBM stem cell lines | Ultracentrifugation | Associated with poor prognosis [55] |
miR-124-3p | Upregulated in exosomes of GBM stem cell lines | Ultracentrifugation | Associated with poor prognosis [55] |
miR-454-3p | Downregulated in glioma tissues and upregulated in exosomes of GBM stem cell lines | Ultracentrifugation | Associated with poor prognosis [55] |
miR-181d | Downregulated in glioma tissues and upregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | Showed a worse functional outcome and shortening postoperative survival in GBM patients [56] |
miR-301a | Upregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | Reflected the glioma-bearing status and being an independent prognostic parameter for overall survival in advanced grade patients [19] |
miR-766-5p | Downregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | An auxiliary diagnostic marker for high-grade glioma and intracranial lymphoma [58] |
miR-376b-5p | Downregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | An auxiliary diagnostic marker for high-grade glioma and intracranial lymphoma [58] |
miR-21 | Upregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | A minimally invasive biomarker for differential diagnosis of gliomas and preoperative prediction of glioma grade before surgery [59] |
miR-222 | Upregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | A minimally invasive biomarker for differential diagnosis of gliomas and preoperative prediction of glioma grade before surgery [59] |
miR-124-3p | Upregulated in serum exosomes | Precipitation method | A minimally invasive biomarker for differential diagnosis of gliomas and preoperative prediction of glioma grade before surgery [59] |
lncRNA HOTAIR | Upregulated in serum exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | Associated with high-grade brain tumors [60] |
IL-8 mRNA | Upregulated in plasma | Ultracentrifugation | Positively correlated with post-vaccine immunologic responses [61] |
TGF-β mRNA | Upregulated in plasma | Ultracentrifugation | Positively correlated with post-vaccine immunologic responses [61] |
PD-1 mRNA | Upregulated in plasma | Ultracentrifugation | Potentially served as surrogate markers for monitoring [61] |
