Fig. 7: FIRRE activates autophagy.

a Western blots of important autophagy-associated proteins, including SQSMT1 and LC3, in RKO and HCT116 with FIRRE knock-down. Statistical analysis of the WB of SQSMT1 and LC3 is on the right. b The photomicrographs of RKO and HCT116 cells transfected with ASO-FIRRE and stained by indirect immunofluorescence for nuclear (DAPI, blue), and LC3 protein (labeled by Alexa 488, green). Statistical analysis of the average intensity is on the right. c Expression level of BECN1, SQSMT1, and LC3 were detected in cells transfected with siPTBP1 or ASO-FIRRE alone or in combination. d Cells with siPTBP1 or ASO-FIRRE alone or in combination were transfected with lentivirus mCherry-GFP-LC3 to observe the autophagy flux. Then, the presence of GFP-mCherry- (autophagosomes, yellow) and mCherry-positive (autolysosomes, red) dots were obsserved using confocal microscopy. Scale bar = 5 µm. Right panel: quantification of the ratio between red vs. yellow dots to assess an autophagy flux index. All experiments were repeated double times or more. Bars, ±SD; Statistical analysis: ANOVA test, t-tests. *p < 0.01; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001.