Fig. 4: NCT increased PPARGC1A signaling in mouse livers and human primary hepatocytes.

A Representative pictures of western blot analysis for PPARGC1A expression and Ponceau S in mouse liver. B PPARGC1A protein expression (fold change vs. NC) in mouse liver was normalized with Ponceau S (N = 6). C–E qPCR analysis in mouse liver of PPARGC1A, Sirtuin1, Sirtuin3 mRNA level normalized with 18s rRNA (NC, N = 3, HFD and HFD + NCT, N = 12). F–H qPCR analysis of PPARGC1A, Sirtuin1, and Sirtuin3 mRNA level normalized with 18s rRNA in human primary hepatocytes (N = 3). Dots indicate individual mouse or human donors. Values represent the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (HFD vs. NC or HFD + NCT, 0 μM vs. each concentration of NCT in human hepatocyte). NS non-significant.