Fig. 5: The microbiota promotes tumor progression in Tipe^−/− mice.

A, B Representative macroscopic images (A) and H&E-stained sections (B) of colonic tissue with tumors from WT and Tipe^−/− mice treated with antibiotics (Abx) or no antibiotics (Ctrl) on day 90 of the CAC model (n = 4 or 5 per group). Scale bars, 100 μm; original magnification ×4. C, D Colon tumor number (C) and tumor load (D) from WT and Tipe^−/− mice as described in (A). E, F Flow cytometic dot plot analysis (E) and quantification of CD45⁺F4/80⁺CD11b⁺ cells (F) in colon tumor tissues from WT and Tipe^−/− as described in (A). G, H Flow cytometic dot plot analysis (G) and quantification of CD45⁺Ly-6G⁺CD11b⁺ cells (H) in colon tumor tissues from WT and Tipe^−/− mice as described in (A). I Quantification of inflammatory genes Il17a, Il22, and ccl2 mRNA expression by quantitative real-time PCR in the colon tumor tissues of WT and Tipe^−/− mice treated with Abx or Ctrl on day 90 of the CAC model (n = 4 or 5 per group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM and are representative of two independent experiments. Student’s t test (C, D, F, H, I), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.