Table 2 Summary of studies on the role of extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis.
EVs source | Target cells or tissues | Animal model | Molecular mechanism | Action effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMSC-EVs | Chondrocytes | – | Downregulate TNF-α-induced expression of COX2, ILs and collagenase activity | Promote the production of proteoglycan, type II collagen, and chondrocytes regeneration | [85] |
hBMSC-EVs | Chondrocyte | – | Downregulate IL-1ß-activated pro-inflammatory Erk1/2, PI3K/Akt, p38, TAK1, and NF-κB signaling pathways | Promote cell proliferation and migration and reduce apoptosis. | [86] |
Murine BMSCs-EVs | OA-like chondrocytes | CIOA | Inhibit MMP-13, ADAMTS5 and iNOS | Reinduce the expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, and protected mice from joint damage | [87] |
hBMSC-EVs | OA-like chondrocytes | OA | TGFBI inhibit cartilage and bone degradation, and limit calcification and osteophyte formation | Increase chondrocyte proliferation | [88] |
BMSC-Exos | Macrophages | OA | Promote the conversion of RAW264.7 from M1 to M2, reduce the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6, and enhance IL-10, chondrogenic genes, collagen II and sox9 | Inhibit OA progression | [89] |
hASC-EVs | Chondrocytes | MIA, DMM | Increase type collagen synthesis and decrease MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 expression in the presence of IL-1β | Promote the proliferation and migration of human OA chondrocytes, and protected cartilage from degeneration | [90] |
SMSC-EVs | Articular chondrocytes | OA | Highly-express miR-140-5p blocked ECM secretion decrease via RalA | Enhance proliferation, migration of chondrocytes, and prevent OA | [91] |
SMSC-Exos | Articular chondrocytes | OA | Highly-expressed miR-155-5p promoted ECM secretion via Runx2 | Enhance proliferation, migration of chondrocytes, and prevent OA | [92] |
SMSC-EVs | Knee OA | Human knee OA patients | Encapsulate miR-31 ameliorates knee OA via the KDM2A/E2F1/PTTG1 axis. | Alleviate cartilage damage and inflammation in knee joints | [93] |
BMSC-EVs | Chondrocyte | OA | Hypoxia increased the expression of miR-216a-3p and promoted down-regulation of JAK2 | Promote proliferation, migration and reduce apoptosis | [94] |
infrapatellar fat pad MSCs-Exos | Chondrocyte | OA | MiR100-5p-regulate inhibition of mTOR-autophagy pathway | Protect articular cartilage from damage and ameliorate gait abnormality in OA mice by maintaining cartilage homeostasis | [95] |
UMSC-Exos | Chondrocyte | OA | Exosomal H19 against miR-29b-3p to upregulate FoxO3 | Promote chondrocyte migration, matrix secretion, apoptosis suppression, as well as senescence suppression | [96] |
