Table 3 Summary of studies on the role of extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury.
EVs source | Target cells or tissues | Animal model | Molecular mechanism | Action effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hBMSC-Exos | Endothelial | SCI | Inhibit Bax and TNFα and IL 1β, and Bcl 2, IL 10 and angiogenesis | Attenuate the lesion size and improved functional recovery after SCI | [98] |
BMSC-EVs | Pericyte | SCI | Inhibit NF-KB P65 signaling pathway | Ameliorate blood-spinal cord barrier | [99] |
BMSC-Exos | Pericyte | SCI | Suppress the expression of caspase 1 and IL 1β by reducing pyroptosis | Ameliorate the motor ability of spinal cord injury rats | [100] |
BMSC-EVs | NSCs | SCI | TGF-β enhanced the expression of Smad6 | Promote the regeneration of neurons | [101] |
BMSC-EVs | M2 macrophage | SCI | Up-regulate TGF-β, TGF-β receptor and relative proteins of tight junction | Improve locomotor recovery | [102] |
hPMSC-Exos | Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells | SCI | Promote NSCs proliferation and upregulate MEK, ERK, and CREB phosphorylation levels | Promote spinal cord functional recovery | [103] |
MSC-EVs | DRG cells | SCI | Overexpress miR-381 up-regulates RhoA/ RHO kinase activity and down-regulate BRD4 expression and DRG cell apoptosis by inhibiting the BRD4/WNT5A axis | Promote SCI repair | [104] |
MSC-Exos | Neurons | SCI | MiR-133b target down-regulates the expression of RhoA, and promotes ERK1/2 STAT3 and CREB signaling pathway | Improve the recovery of hindlimb locomotor function following SCI | [105] |
BMSC-Exos | Neurons | MCAO | MiR-17-92 induces activation of mTOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway cascade | Enhance neuro-functional recovery of stroke | [106] |
BMSC-Exos | Neurons | SCI | MiR-26a induces activation of PTEN/ Akt /mTOR signaling pathway cascade | Promote axonal regeneration and neurogenesis and attenuate glia scarring in SCI | [107] |
BMSC-Exos | Microglia | SCI | Hypoxic exosomal miR-216a-5p modulate microglial polarization by TLR4/NF-κB/PI3K/AKT signaling cascades | Promote functional behavioral recovery after SCI | [108] |
BMSC-EVs | Microglia | SCI | MiRNA-22 downregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and GSDMD | Nerve function repair after SCI | [109] |
hUC-MSC-Exos | Neurons | SCI | MiR-199a-3p /145-5p affected TrkA ubiquitination and promoted the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway | Promote locomotor function in SCI rats | [110] |
