Table 1 CAMPs in Experimental and Clinical Sepsis.
From: Chromatin-Associated Molecular Patterns (CAMPs) in sepsis
CAMPs | Sepsis | |
|---|---|---|
Experimental | Clinical | |
cfDNA | Plasma cfDNA is increased in E. Coli-injected and CLP-induced septic mice [159, 160]. | Plasma cfDNA correlated with severity of septic patients and ICU mortality [50]. Serum levels of cfDNA are elevated and predict prognosis and ICU mortality in sepsis [13, 161]. cfDNA levels correlated with sepsis severity and organ dysfunction [12]. cfDNA marker of sepsis severity and prediction of inflammatory second hit in ICU patients [162]. |
mtDNA | mtDNA induces systemic and lung inflammation when administered intravenously in rats [68]. | Elevated in the plasma of septic patients and correlated with disease severity [70]. |
ETs | Neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, and macrophage ETs have been implicated in pathologic inflammation [73, 91, 163]. NETs are increased in alveolar spaces and microvasculature in murine LPS-induced endotoxemia [164]. | Increased plasma levels of NETs correlated with organ dysfunction in septic patients [12]. |
Histones | H3 is released in LPS-induced endotoxemia, and increased plasma levels are associated with severity of shock [165]. | Increased circulating levels in septic patients [15]. |
exRNA | exRNAs induce inflammatory responses in inflammatory models [116]. | Levels of exRNA are elevated in the serum of septic patients [16]. |
miRNA | In the serum of CLP mice, exosomes showed elevated levels of miR-16, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26a, and miR-26b [166]. | Elevated circulating levels of miRNAs in patients with sepsis [167]. |
eCIRP | Mediator of injury and inflammation in preclinical models of sepsis and shock [20]. | Serum levels are elevated in septic patients and predictive of sepsis severity and overall mortality [17]. |
HMGB1 | Increased levels in LPS-induced endotoxemia [168]. Significantly increased in CLP-induced sepsis and associated as a late mediator of inflammation with inflammatory cytokines [150]. | Serum levels are elevated in human patients with bacteremia and sepsis-induced organ dysfunction [14]. Elevated in pneumonia-induced sepsis and associated with mortality [169]. |
TERRA | cfTERRA stimulates inflammatory cytokines when incubated with immune-responsive cells [129]. | Identified in human blood and tissue [170]. |
