Fig. 6: The anti-LUAD effect of FIIN-2 alone and combined with CQ in xenograft models derived from A549/DDP cells.

The nude mouse xenograft model derived from A549/DDP cells was established. They were treated with vehicle control (100 μL saline solution, qd.), CQ (30 mg/kg, qd.), FIIN-2 (20 mg/kg, bid.), or FIIN-2 (20 mg/kg, bid.) combined with CQ (30 mg/kg, qd.) via intraperitoneal injection for 28 consecutive days. The tumour volume (a) and body weight (b) of the mice were measured every other day. c Tumours were removed and imaged. d The tumour weight of each group was calculated. e Immunohistochemical staining and/or western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 and proapoptotic molecule cleaved Caspase-3. f A TUNEL assay was used to detect cell apoptosis. g The expression of p-FRS2 was detected by western blot analysis. h The expression of the autophagy markers LC3 and p62 was detected by immunohistochemical staining and/or western blot analysis. Magnification 200×, scale bars: 100 μm. Each measurement is an average ± SD (n = 5). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001.