Fig. 6: Working model for E2F1/CKS2/PTEN signaling axis in regulating malignant phenotypes of RB.
From: E2F1/CKS2/PTEN signaling axis regulates malignant phenotypes in pediatric retinoblastoma

CKS2 exhibits aberrant higher expression in retinoblastoma compared with normal controls. Upregulated transcription factor E2F1 bound to upstream of CKS2 transcription start site and promoted CKS2 protein production, leading to cancer-associated phenotypes, possibly by regulating PI3K–AKT signaling pathway.