Fig. 6: Exosomal Mut-Reg1cp impaired insulin sensitivity in vivo.

A–C Fasting blood glucose level (A), fasting serum insulin level (B) and HOMA-IR index (C) of mice treated with exosomes isolated from serum of Reg1cp-mut_RIP⁺ mice and Rosa-Reg1cp-mut controls. D–G The GTTs (D) and ITTs (F) in mice treated with serum exosomes isolated from Reg1cp-mut_RIP⁺ mice and Rosa-Reg1cp-mut controls. Bar graphs showing the calculated values for area under curve (AUC) during the 120-min test course of the GTTs (E) and ITTs (G) (mg dl⁻¹ × 120 min × 10³). H–I Representative pictures (H) and quantitative measurements (I) of Western blot analysis of insulin stimulated IR, AKT, and GSK3β phosphorylation in liver of mice treated with serum exosomes isolated from Reg1cp-mut_RIP⁺ mice and Rosa-Reg1cp-mut controls. J, K Representative pictures (J) and quantitative measurements (K) of Western blot analysis of insulin stimulated IR, AKT, and GSK3β phosphorylation in muscle of mice treated with serum exosomes isolated from Reg1cp-mut_RIP⁺ mice and Rosa-Reg1cp-mut controls. n = 6 in each group from three independent experiments. Data shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Student’s t test.