Table 2 Representative regulatory factors in TME.
From: Cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Soluble factors | Primary source | Main function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
Growth factors | |||
TGF-β | Pancreatic cancer cells iCAFs | Resident fibroblast activation Immunosuppression | |
CTGF, EGF, PDGF | CAFs | Promoting cancer cell proliferation | [100] |
IGF1 | CAFs | Pancreatic cancer modulation | [101] |
Cytokines | |||
TNF-α | Pancreatic cancer cells | Resident fibroblast activation | [100] |
IL-1 | Pancreatic cancer cells | Resident fibroblast activation | [52] |
IL-11 | iCAFs | Immunosuppression | [52] |
IL-6 | iCAFs | Immunosuppression Tumour invasion and metastasis | [52] |
LIF | iCAFs | Immunosuppression | [52] |
HIF-1α | Pancreatic cancer cells | Metabolic reprogramming | [100] |
HIF-2α | α-SMA+CAFs | Immunosuppression | [147] |
GM-CSF | CA-MSCs | Tumour invasion and metastasis | [39] |
Chemokines | |||
CXCL2 | iCAFs | Immunosuppression Tumour invasion and metastasis | [103] |
CXCL12 | iCAFs | Immunosuppression Reprogramming TME Tumour invasion and metastasis | [102] |
CXCL1, 5, 7, 8 | iCAFs | Tumour invasion and metastasis | [103] |
CXCL18 | iCAFs | Tumour invasion and metastasis | [48] |
Other factors | |||
SHH | Pancreatic cancer cells | CAFs modulation | [34] |
PGE2 | CA-MSCs | Tumour invasion and metastasis | [25] |
PD-L1 | Pancreatic cancer cells | Immunosuppression | |
