Fig. 9: A schematic diagram showing the neuroprotective effects of Nampt transferred by OGD/R-ADEXs in an experimental stroke model.

After OGD/R induction, astrocytes release exosomes enriched with Nampt, which are internalized by neurons. In neurons, Nampt leads to the upregulation of the p-AMPK protein levels, followed by a reduction of p-mTOR levels. The inhibition of p-mTOR subsequently further enhances the levels of neuronal autophagy.