Fig. 7: AXL inhibition sensitizes TKI-resistant HCC tumors towards immunotherapy.

A Schematic diagram illustrating single and combined anti-PD-1 and BGB324 treatment in secondary xenografts established from residual RIL-175 HCC cells after sorafenib treatment. B Tumor growth curves across the treatment course (n = 7 per group). Data representative of one experiment. C Representative image of resected residual tumor nodules. D Bar chart showing the tumor weight of resected xenografts after treatment. E Representative H&E and IHC images showing p-PDPK1, HMGB1, calreticulin, CD8α, and CD103 expression in the tumor sections after single anti-PD-1 antibody, single BGB324, combined treatment, and respective controls. Scale bar = 100 µm and 25 µm (inset). Red arrows indicate positive signals of CD8α and CD103. E Bar charts showing the quantification of p-PDPK1, HMGB1, calreticulin staining intensities, and CD8α+ and CD103+ cells in three independent fields. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; n.s. not significant on one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test.