Table 2 Engineering modifications of different MSCs-derived EVs in the treatment of OP.
Source of EVs | Terminology | Engineering Tools | Cargo and modifications | Model | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMMSCs | Exosomes | Genetic modifications | AntagomiR-31a-5p | Age-related osteoporotic mouse models | Reduce osteoclast activity | [76] |
Exosomes | Co-cultivation, gene engineering | MiR-21-5p inhibitor | In vitro | Improve OP | [77] | |
Exosomes | Genetic modifications | MiR-150-3p | OVX rats | Promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation | [78] | |
Exosomes | Co-cultivation, gene engineering | LncRNAMALAT1 | OVX mice | Promote osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs | [79] | |
EVs | Content modifications | GPNMB | OVX rats | Attenuate bone loss | [81] | |
Exosomes | Surface modifications | BMMSC-Exo-Apt | OVX mice | Increase bone mass and accelerate bone healing | [83] | |
EVs | Integrate with biomaterials | BGN | OVX rats | Inhibit osteoclast differentiation and relieving bone loss | [85] | |
Exosomes | Integrate with biomaterials, genetic modifications | MBG | Rat cranial defect model | Enhance the bone forming and induce rapid initiation of bone regeneration | [86] | |
Exosomes | Integrate with biomaterials | NC | Femur neck canal defect model | Reduce the risks of fractures in osteoporotic animals | [87] | |
ADSCs | Exosomes | Genetic modifications | MiR-146a | Diabetic OP models | Induce the inactivation of inflammasome, and reduce bone resorption and recover bone loss | [97] |
EVs | Integrate with biomaterials | Bio-Ppy-Ti | In vitro | Exhibit superior cellular compatibility and osteoinductive properties | [99] | |
EVs | Integrate with biomaterials | PLGA | Skull defect mice | Enhance bone regeneration | [100] | |
UCMSCs | EVs | Genetic modifications | MiR-3960 | Senile osteoporotic mice | Increase trabecular and cortical bone mass | [43] |
EVs | Genetic modifications | CLEC11A | OVX mice, HLU-induced DOP rat models | Prevent OP by maintaining bone mass and strength | [103] | |
Exosomes | Co-cultivation | Hsa-mir-2110 and hsa-mir-328-3p | Estrogen-deficient OP model mice | Promote osteoblast proliferation | [104] | |
hiPSCs | EVs | Surface modifications, genetic modifications | SDSSD, siShn3 | OVX mice | Promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclasts | [107] |
Exosomes | Surface modifications, genetic modifications | BT-Exo-siShn3 | OVX mice | Enhance osteogenic differentiation and promote angiogenesis | [108] | |
USCs | EVs | Genetic modifications | ShCTHRC1, shOPG | OVX mice | Restore the reduced bone strength | [110] |
