Fig. 2: Cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint blockade. | Cell Death & Disease

Fig. 2: Cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint blockade.

From: The role of circular RNAs in regulating resistance to cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms and implications

Fig. 2

Immune checkpoint inhibitors bind to immunosuppressive proteins on the cell surface, restoring the antitumor function of T cells. Adoptive cell therapy: CAR-immune cells are engineered to specifically target antigens on the surface of tumor cells, enhancing the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: Therapeutic cancer vaccines deliver antigens to Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), activating and inducing cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to fight against cancer cells. Oncolytic virus therapy: Oncolytic viruses cause oncolysis, releasing viral offspring, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), and Tumor-Associated Antigens (TAAs). This stimulates the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. Small molecule immunomodulators: Illustrated by icaritin soft capsules, icaritin targets the MyD88/IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. This results in reduced cytokine production (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) and a decrease in the expression of immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-L1), contributing to enhanced antitumor immunity.

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