Cell Death & Disease

Table 2 CircRNAs regulate the expression of PD-L1 in different cancers.

From: The role of circular RNAs in regulating resistance to cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms and implications

Cancer types	CircRNAs	Mechanisms	Roles	PD-L1 expression	Ref.
Lung cancer	circRNA-002178↑	miR-34a↓(in tumor cells) ；miR-28-5p↓(in T cells)	May be a biomarker for LUAD diagnosis	PD-L1 ↑ ; PD-1↑	[164]
	circ_0000284↑	miR-377-3p↓	Induces NSCLC cells migration, invasion, and proliferation	PD-L1↑	[165]
	circ-CPA4↑	let-7 miRNA↓	Promotes NSCLC cells growth, stemness and resistance to cisplatin	PD-L1↑	[166]
	circ‑HSP90A↑	miR‑424‑5p↓	Promotes NSCLC cells growth, stemness and inhibits CD8+ T cell function	PD-L1↑	[167]
	hsa_circ_0068252↑	miR-1304-5p↓	Associated with poor prognosis and cisplatin resistance	PD-L1↑	[168]
	circCHST15↑	miR-155-5p and miR-194-5p↓	Associated with clinical staging of tumors and immune evasion	PD-L1↑	[169]
	circ_001678↑	miR-326↓→ZEB1↑	Induces immune escape	Activates PD-1/PD-L1 signal path	[170]
	circ_0014235↑	miR-146b-5p↓→YAP↑	Induces Gefitinib resistance and malignant behaviors	PD-L1↑	[171]
CRC	hsa_circ_0020397↑	miR-138↓→TERT↑	Promotes CRC cell viability and invasion, inhibit apoptosis	PD-L1↑	[172]
	CDR1‑AS↑	CMTM4 and CMTM6↑	Associated with poor prognosis	PD-L1↑	[173]
	hsa_circ_0136666↑	miR-497↓	Accelerates CRC cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and promotes immune escape	PD-L1↑	[174]
HCC	circCORO1C↑	NF- κB↑→c-Myc and COX-2↑	Promotes the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of HCC cells	PD-L1↑	[175]
	circPRDM4	circPRDM4 binds to HIF-1α and recruits it to the CD274 promoter, promoting HIF-1α-mediated transcriptional activation of PD-L1	Promotes tumor growth and immune escape, and its high expression is associated with better anti-PD-1 mAb treatment	PD-L1↑	[176]
HNSCC	circ_0000052↑	miR-382-3p↓	Promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation of HNSCC cells	PD-L1↑	[177]
nasopharyngeal carcinoma	circBART2.2↑	Bind to RIG-I protein→ activate IRF3 and NF-kB	Cause immune escape of nasopharyngeal carcinoma	PD-L1↑	[178]
breast cancer	hsa_circ_0001598↑	miR‑1184↓	Induces trastuzumab‑resistance	PD-L1↑	[179]
breast cancer	hsa_circ_0067842↑	Interacts with HuR, affecting its nuclear transposition→ CMTM6↑	CMTM6 not only enhances the migration and invasion ability of BC cells but also affects the ubiquitination of PD-L1 and inhibits its degradation.	PD-L1↑	[180]
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	circPCBP2↑	miR-33a/b↓	Induce tumor cell stemness and CHOP resistance	PD-L1↑	[181]

(Note: circBART2.2 is encoded by the Epstein–Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma).

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