Fig. 7: Mechanism diagram.

Syrosingopine selectively inhibits MCT1/MCT4, reducing lactate efflux from cells. Combined with UK-5099, an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport, this leads to an intracellular accumulation of lactate, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and the generation of excessive ROS. This dual inhibition disrupts both aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation within tumor cells. The resultant oxidative stress activates the ISR, inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.