Fig. 1: A positive correlation between the upregulation of intracellular MIF induced by LPS and mitophagy.

a The images from the green channel (representing monomer) and red channel (representing aggregate) were combined. Scale bar : 50 μm. b The depolarization of ΔΨm was assessed by counting the dots in JC-1 stained HK-2 cells, indicating the ratio of monomer/aggregate. c The expressions of MIF, PINK1, Parkin, AMPK, P-AMPK, and GAPDH were evaluated by immunoblotting at four time points (0, 12, 24, 48 h) during LPS stimulation. The relative expression of these proteins was presented as ratios: d MIF/GAPDH, e Parkin/GAPDH, f PINK1/GAPDH, and g P-AMPK/AMPK. Correlation analyses were conducted for the expression of MIF/GAPDH with (h, i) PINK1/GAPDH, (j, k) Parkin/GAPDH, (l, m) P-AMPK/AMPK, and (n, o) JC-1 (monomer/aggregate) during 0–24 h and 0–48 h of LPS stimulation. The goodness of fit was expressed as an R-value, with negative correlation ranging from −1.0 to 0 and positive correlation from 0 to 1.0. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, with n = 3. Statistical significance was denoted as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.