Fig. 1: Integrated altered metabolic pathways in pancreatic cancer cells.

Changes in key enzymes and transporters lead to metabolic reprogramming of glucose, amino acids, lipids, etc., and meet the large demand for materials and energy during the malignant proliferation of tumor cells. Enzymes and transporters shown in red indicate significant overexpression; enzymes and transporters shown in green indicate significant downexpression; enzymes shown in black indicate no significant changes or unknown; metabolites shown in orange indicate that they were involved in redox balance; solid arrows imply shifts or bioconversions; dashed lines indicate that the reaction is not direct; italics indicate metabolic pathways or processes. 3-PG 3-bisphosphoglycerate, ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACAT acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, ACLY ATP citrate lyase, ACSS acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family, AHCY adenosylhomocysteinase, ASNS asparagine synthetase, ASL argininosuccinate lythase, ASS argininosuccinate synthase, AK aspartic kinase, AMD aAdenosylmethionine decarboxylase, BCAA branched-chain amino acids, BCKA branched alpha-ketoacids, BCKDH branched alphaketoate dehydrogenase, CE cholesterol ester, CS citrate synthetase, DAG diacylglycerol, DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ELOVL FA elongase, FA fatty acid, FABP fatty acid-binding protein, FADS FA desaturase, FASN fatty acid synthase, FATP: fatty acid transport protein, Fructose-6P fructose 6-phosphate, F- 1:6BP fructose 1:6-bisphosphate, F-2:6BP fructose 2:6-bisphosphate, GA3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, GLUT1 glucose transporter 1, GSH glutathione synthesis, GLS glutaminase, GFPT1 glutamine:fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase 1, Glucose-6P glucose 6- phosphate, GOT1 cytoplasmic aspartate Transaminase, GOT2 mitochondrial aspartate transaminase, HK1/2 hexokinase 1/2, HMGCR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, ME1 malic enzyme, LDLR low-density lipoprotein receptor, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, MAG monoacylglycerol, MCT monocarboxylate transporter, MDH1 malate dehydrogenase 1, MTA 5:-methylthioadenosine, MTAP 5-methylthioadenosine, MS methionine synthase, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NOS nitric oxide synthase, OCT ornithine transcarbamylase, OPLH o-phospho-l-homoserine, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase, PFK1: phosphofructokinase 1, PRODH1 proline oxidase, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, R-5-P ibose-5-phosphate, RPE ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase, RPIA ribose-5-phoshate isomerase, SAH S-homocysteine; SAM S-adenosine methionine, SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SFA saturated fatty acid, SM squalene monooxygenase, TAG triacylglycerol, TCA tricarboxylic acid.