Table 2 Molecular mechanisms of EV-DNA emission listed in chronological order of evidence.
From: Extracellular vesicle-associated DNA: ten years since its discovery in human blood
Cell type | EV subtypes | EV isolation | Biogenesis mechanism | EV-DNA | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus mutans (Bacteria) | MVs | Ultracentrifugation | Sortase A | Yes | [90] |
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Listeria monocytogenes | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway | Yes | [91] |
Colon adenocarcinoma (DKO-1) Glioblastoma (Gli36) | sEVs | High resolution density gradient (120,000 g for 15 h) | Autophagy and multivesicular endosome dependent | Absent in sEVs | [5] |
Ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-5) | sEVs | 40,000 rpm for 120 min | Micronuclei content loaded into CD63-positive exosomes | Yes | [24] |
Fibroblast (L929) | Migrasomes | 20,000 g for 30 min | Migration/Mytocytosis | Yes, EV-mtDNA mutant copies | [64] |
Melanoma cell (Lox) | TMVs | 10,000 g for 30 min | The small GTP-binding protein ARF6 and cGAS pathway | Yes | [34] |
Colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) | Absent in sEVs | [82] |
