Fig. 12: Graphical abstract.

Mechanism diagram of nicotine exposure activating CHRNA5 via MEK/ERK pathway to regulate CES1 expression, promoting recurrence and metastasis of head and neck squamous carcinoma.
Mechanism diagram of nicotine exposure activating CHRNA5 via MEK/ERK pathway to regulate CES1 expression, promoting recurrence and metastasis of head and neck squamous carcinoma.