Table 1 Copper metabolism-related regulatory proteins.

From: Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in central nervous system diseases

Protein

Type

Function

Ref

CTR1

Cu transport protein 1

Transmembrane transport of copper ion

[14]

STEAP

Metalloreductase

Reduction of divalent copper ions to monovalent copper ions

[143]

DCYTB

Metalloreductase

Promote the conversion of copper ions to the reduced state

[144]

ATOX1

Antioxidant 1 copper chaperone

Transports cytoplasmic copper to organelles

[145]

ATP7A/B

Copper‐transporting ATPases

Regulation of copper ion transport

[146]

CP

Cuproenzymes

Regulates copper distribution

[15]

MT1/2

Metallothionein

Chelated copper reduces it’s metal toxicity

[17]

GSH

Copper chelator

Chelated copper reduces it’s metal toxicity

[23]

COX17

Copper chaperone

Regulates mitochondrial copper

[22]

CCO

Cuproenzymes

Regulates cellular biochemical reactions

[31]

CCS

Copper chaperone

Regulates transport of copper

[34]

SOD1

Cuproenzymes

Antioxidant damage

[145]

  1. STEAP six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, DCYTB duodenal cytochrome b, CP ceruloplasmin, GSH glutathione, COX17 cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone, CCO cytochrome C oxidase, CCS Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase, SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1.
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