Fig. 5: Role of MUL1 on the anti-hypertrophic effects of E2 in NE-treated cardiomyocytes.

NRVMs were treated with Ad MUL1 or Ad β-GAL (control) with a MOI = 100 and incubated for 24 h. A MUL1 (N = 5) and B ANP (N = 5) protein levels were determined by western blotting. β-tubulin was used as a loading control. C MUL1 (N = 4) and D ANP (N = 3) mRNA levels were assessed by RT-qPCR. 18S RNA was used to normalize the data. The data correspond to the mean ± SEM. Results were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test followed by multiple Tukey’s comparisons. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. E NRVMs were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin (red) and nuclei with DAPI (blue). Confocal images were obtained, and cell area was determined (N = 4). F MUL1 (N = 6) and G ANP (N = 6) mRNA levels were determined by RT-qPCR. 18S RNA was used to normalize the data. H NRVMs were stained with MTG (400 nM). Images were obtained by confocal microscopy and analyzed to determine the number of mitochondria per cell and the relative mitochondrial volume (N = 5). Scale bar = 20 μm. The values correspond to the mean ± SEM. Each independent experiment is displayed as a dot in the graphs. Results were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA followed by multiple Tukey’s comparisons. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.