Fig. 6: LHPP downregulation enhances stem cell-like characteristics and chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells.

A Tumor formation frequency at varying cell inoculation densities in xenograft models of AGS cells with upregulated LHPP expression. B Tumor formation frequency at different cell inoculation densities in xenograft models of MKN45 cells with downregulated LHPP expression. C Tumor weight and volume changes were recorded in xenograft models of AGS cells with a cell dose of 2 × 106. Student’s t test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. D Tumor weight and volume changes were recorded in xenograft models of MKN45 cells with a cell dose of 5 × 105. Student’s t test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. E Survival of patient-derived gastric cancer organoids with stable LHPP overexpression, with and without oxaliplatin (OXA) treatment. F Quantitative analysis of the number and size of surviving gastric cancer organoids. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD), with analysis performed using a Student’s t test. G Apoptosis in LHPP-overexpressing and LHPP-knockdown gastric cancer cells following OXA treatment was assessed using apoptosis flow cytometry. Bar charts provide a quantitative analysis of the differences in Annexin V-FITC and PI double-positive cell percentages. Student’s t test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.