Fig. 6: Summary of the paracrine effects of Mac-ADSCs.

PIK3CA mutations activate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in ADSCs, transforming them into Mac-ADSCs and altering their cytokine secretion profile. The differentially secreted cytokines from Mac-ADSCs influence neighboring wild-type cells by activating their PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and enhancing their proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities. Additionally, these cytokines promote angiogenesis in VECs and adipogenesis in ADSCs. Notably, this paracrine effect can be reversed by the PIK3CA inhibitor BYL-719. This figure was created with Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com/) and is permitted for publication.