Fig. 1: Schematic overview of NET formation, highlighting key differences between “vital” and suicidal NETosis pathways. Created with BioRender. | Cell Death & Disease

Fig. 1: Schematic overview of NET formation, highlighting key differences between “vital” and suicidal NETosis pathways. Created with BioRender.

From: Exploring the involvement of serine proteases in neutrophil extracellular traps: a review of mechanisms and implications

Fig. 1

A NOX-dependent NETosis is induced by PMA or LPS, while NOX-independent NETosis is triggered by calcium ionophores (A23187, ionomycin). Both pathways generate ROS and lead to chromatin decondensation and NET formation. PMA stimulation reduced full-length GSDMD, suggesting cleavage during NOX-dependent NETosis. In contrast, CGD patient neutrophils retained intact GSDMD. Occasionally, cleaved GSDMD fragments (25–30 kDa) were detected, indicating a possible link between GSDMD processing and NETosis. B In “vital” NETosis, often initiated by calcium influx or mitochondrial ROS, DNA is expelled via vesicular transport, allowing neutrophils to remain viable and preserve their phagocytic functions.

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