Fig. 2: Exogenous NAM supplementation enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses.

A Exogenous supplementation of NAM in T cells significantly increases NAD⁺ levels that were suppressed by FK866. B Decreased NAD⁺ levels inhibit T cell proliferation, while NAM supplementation notably reverses this effect. C. NAM increases the number of T cells in the S/G2M phase. D Reduced NAD⁺ levels impair T cell chemotaxis, whereas NAM enhances T cell chemotactic ability. E, F NAM promotes the expression of T cell infiltration and activation markers CD3D, CD69, and GZMB. G NAM supplementation upregulates the expression of T cell anti-tumor factors GZMB, IFNγ, and IL2. H Reduced NAD⁺ levels in T cells inhibit their cytotoxic ability, while NAM enhances T cell-mediated killing. I NAM enhances T cell anti-tumor function, inhibiting the proliferation of SKOV3 cells. J NAM enhances T cell anti-tumor function, inhibiting the proliferation of HEY cells. K, L NAM enhances T cell-mediated killing of OC cells and promotes apoptosis of SKOV3. M Construction of PDOCOs and their validation by immunofluorescence staining for Ki67, CDH1, PanCK, and PAX8. N Treatment of PDOCOs with T cell supernatant. O Increased NAD⁺ levels in T cells enhance their inhibitory effect on PDOCOs growth. P, Q NAM enhances the inhibitory effect of T cells on PDOCOs growth, with a significant decrease in Ki67 expression.