Table 1 sNK cells secreted much higher levels of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors compared to primary NK cells.

From: Supercharged NK cells: a unique population of NK cells capable of differentiating stem cells and lysis of MHC class I high differentiated tumors

Factors

OCs + Probiotics (pg/ml: mean ± std dev.)

pNK + IL-2 (pg/ml: mean ± std dev.)

sNK (pg/ml: mean ± std dev.)

sNK (pg/ml) /pNK + IL-2 (pg/ml) fold change mean ± std dev.

G-CSF

29 ± 7

198 ± 88

1784 ± 1140

9.3 ± 5.6

GM-CSF

84 ± 13

179 ± 91

967 ± 393

6 ± 2

IFN-a2

NA

48 ± 22

85 ± 15

2.2 ± 1.2

IFN-γ

0

731 ± 264

12109 ± 5938

16.5 ± 7.4

IL-1β

0

56 ± 25

117 ± 27

2.1 ± 0.4

TNF-α

23 ± 3

664 ± 131

4239 ± 2608

6 ± 2.8

TNF-β

NA

71 ± 25

234 ± 82

4 ± 1.4

IL-3

NA

24 ± 11

37 ± 12

1.6 ± 0.3

IL-4

2 ± 0.9

44 ± 26

37 ± 7

1.1 ± 0.6

IL-9

8 ± 4

8 ± 4

28 ± 13

5.1 ± 4.5

IL-5

0

40 ± 12

163 ± 56

4 ± 0.6

IL-6

39 ± 11

739 ± 282

5372 ± 2060

8.3 ± 4.6

IL-7

0

11 ± 6

30 ± 12

3 ± 1.2

IL-8

3891 ± 123

3842 ± 1059

8638 ± 1577

2.3 ± 0.4

IL-1a

NA

30 ± 13

192 ± 87

6.5 ± 2.3

IL-10

12 ± 5

123 ± 34

375 ± 114

3.1 ± 0.6

IL-12p40

NA

28 ± 10

70 ± 34

2.4 ± 0.3

IL-12p70

9 ± 3

15 ± 6

25 ± 10

2 ± 0.13

IL-13

0

489 ± 143

795 ± 264

1.6 ± 0.3

IL-1Ra

89 ± 12

97 ± 24

1085 ± 340

11.5 ± 3.5

IL-15

34 ± 9

12 ± 5

25 ± 6

2.4 ± 0.8

IL-17a

29 ± 16

6.3 ± 3.3

12.3 ± 3.7

2.4 ± 1.3

Eotaxin

0

5.3 ± 3.3

12 ± 2

3 ± 1.8

Fractalkine

NA

20 ± 6.4

36 ± 8

2 ± 0.2

MCP-3

NA

619 ± 267

4314 ± 1623

7.2 ± 0.5

MIP-1β

167 ± 33

1417 ± 618

3041 ± 1609

2.8 ± 0.76

RANTES

1789 ± 234

4152 ± 1236

5360 ± 1421

1.3 ± 0.12

IP-10

1356 ± 89

2183 ± 1156

10281 ± 1790

6 ± 2

MCP-1

2178 ± 442

3527 ± 1510

7391 ± 506

2.4 ± 0.9

MIP-1α

16 ± 7

2189 ± 796

4698 ± 1079

2.3 ± 0.3

EGF

0

53 ± 20

42 ± 17

0.8 ± 0.07

FGF-2

NA

46 ± 14

74 ± 8

1.7 ± 0.3

TGF-α

27 ± 9

8 ± 4

24 ± 8

3.3 ± 0.7

PDGF-AB/BB

123 ± 17

580 ± 181

965 ± 147

1.7 ± 0.4

PDGF-AA

NA

73 ± 29

77 ± 34

1.04 ± 0.05

sCD40L

NA

87 ± 16

48 ± 15

0.5 ± 0.08

Fit-3L

NA

14 ± 5

19 ± 4

1.5 ± 0.3

GRO

NA

484 ± 139

1632 ± 797

3.3 ± 0.8

MDC

NA

329 ± 147

1226 ± 465

4.3 ± 2

VEGF

67 ± 8

135 ± 46

456 ± 244

3.3 ± 0.8

  1. OCs were generated as described in “Materials and methods” section. NK cells (1 × 106 cells/ml) from healthy individuals were treated with a combination of IL-2 (1000 U/ml) and anti-CD16 mAb (3 µg/ml) for 18 h before they were cultured with the healthy individuals’ OCs and sAJ2 at a ratio of 1:2:4 (OCs:NK:sAJ2). On day 15 of sNK cell cultures, OCs were treated with sAJ2 (OC:sAJ2: 1:4), and another set of NK cells was isolated from the same healthy individuals and were treated with IL-2 (1000 U/ml). The supernatants were harvested from primary sAJ2-treated OCs (column 2), IL-2-treated NK cells (column 3), and sNK cells (column 4) to determine secretion levels of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors using a multiplex assay (n = 4). Fold change of sNK cells vs. primary NK cells was determined by using the formula: Level of IFN-γ (pg/ml) secreted by sNK cells/ Level of IFN-γ (pg/ml) secreted by primary NK cells of the same donor (n = 4) (column 5).
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