Fig. 1: PARL expression decreased in the serum of Parkinson’s disease patients as well as in PD cellular and animal models.

ELISA quantification of serum PARL levels in age-matched healthy controls and PD patients. Data presented as mean ± SEM (p < 0.001). A ROC curve analysis evaluating serum PARL as a PD diagnostic biomarker. B SH-SY5Y neuronal viability after MPP+ treatment (1 mM) at indicated timepoints (0–48 h). C Cell counts normalized to untreated controls. (n = 3). D, G Western blot analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in midbrain tissues from MPTP-treated vs. control mice (n = 3). E PARL protein expression in midbrain lysates (MPTP vs. Control). F, H PARL knockdown efficiency in C57BL/6 J mice 8 weeks post-lentiviral injection (shRNA vs. control). Data normalized to β-actin (mean ± SD, n = 5/group). I Timeline of behavioral assessments (rotarod, open field, Morris water maze) performed at 4-week intervals post-MPTP induction.